Abstract. Title VII was passed to eradicate workplace discrimination because of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. The statute’s enforcement provisions describe a detailed enforcement scheme and three-part limitations period, utilizing the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission …

Abstract. The First Amendment rules for resolving free-speech claims brought by student-athletes are remarkably murky. Defendants sometimes win on the defense of qualified immunity because there is no clearly established law for circumstances like those presented, and when courts do reach the …

Abstract. State courts get to say finally what state statutes mean. One might think, given the ferocity with which state courts guard their role as the ultimate expositors of state law, that state courts would forge a path of interpretive independence, gladly shirking what federal courts have to …

Abstract. Over the course of the twentieth century, occupational licensing laws expanded from obvious industries, such as healthcare and law, to industries with seemingly little impact on the health, safety, and welfare of the community. Lenient judicial review of these regulations aids the …

Abstract. Drug dealers have been using the federal government as their delivery partner for decades. When doing so, dealers frequently place pseudonyms on packages containing their drugs to avoid being associated with the evidence of their crimes. Federal circuit courts of appeals have disagreed …